Comparing John Milton's character Satan in Paradise Lost to Dante's Research Paper

Is Rationalisation a Desirable Strategy?

Establishments of Managing and Organizing †Essay 1 Is justification an attractive procedure for overseeing and arranging Junction Hotel in the current monetary atmosphere? Intersection Hotel is a ‘upmarket, downtown area lodging with glad convention of solid client support with a customary approach’. (2012, pp. 2-3) FoM Seminar exercise manual 1 †2012-13). Simon Chance is the recently named C. E. O of the inn in want to reestablish the brilliant lodging there used to be. Simon Chance is an investor and leader of Second-Chance consortium and is eager to step capable of refreshing the inn through the manner in which it works, looks and how its run.Problems with the inn go from poor administration and association to dated gear and falling apart inside. This doesn't intrigue the high-class customer base the Hotel professes to provide food for. The poor state of the lodging coordinated with the over the top expensive room charges isn't something clients will oblige to pay for particularly in the present economy where people’s costs are ascending close by tax assessment and a poor financial atmosphere leaving individuals with less expendable income.Furthermore, with the overall inn segment looking as though it will be significantly more beneficial there will be expanded rivalry for Junction Hotel and a more extensive selection of inns for clients to browse. (MarketingCharts Staff, February 21, 2012. Lodging Industry Poised for 2012. http://www. marketingcharts. com/direct/lodging industry-ready for-2012-development 21201/). Chance has chosen another business methodology is the thing that Junction Hotel needs so as to recapture the achievement it once had and takes a gander at legitimization as a potential strategy.Rationalisation is sorting out a business through standards of the board so as to pick up proficiency frequently practiced through scaling back e. g. lessening workforce or selling/shutting plants. By expanding proficiency it c an cut inn running expenses of which the cash can be spent on redesigning the overview inn. An issue with the present province of Junction Hotel is the absence of clear jobs and occupation titles, which can be viewed as practically fundamental today for all businesses.A progressively bureaucratic methodology would be an incredible method to defeat this. This would incorporate an away from of power ordinarily introduced in a hierarchical diagram selecting each staff part their place in the association and who they answer to I. e. who their director/s are. Right now there is disarray with various staff regarding what their jobs are, for example, Linda Wilkinson whose obligation is constantly becoming extending from cleaning staff to gathering staff to support etc.This represents an issue as there is no division of work which in a split second decreases proficiency in the association as representatives may not be sure about what to do and hence there might be a larger number of individ uals than would normally be appropriate making a particular showing or significant assignments left inside and out. Besides, there is disarray over the jobs in the eatery with the Head Chef and Wilkinson both needing authority over the holding up staff. An all around considered association graph will show the situation of every representative obviously and means everybody ought to have the option to adapt to the remaining task at hand along these lines limiting mistakes.It might be that Chance needs to employ more chiefs as Wilkinson is by all accounts responsible for a large number of the staff †an a lot higher proportion than what might be perfect. Morgan, G, (2006) â€Å"Mechanization Takes Command: Organizations as Machines† from Morgan, G, Images of Organization p 19 expresses that there ought to be Unity of Command meaning a worker ought to get orders from just a single manager just as a low Span of Control meaning the quantity of representatives answering to one a dministrator ought not be enormous to such an extent that it makes correspondence problems.It is apparent this isn't the situation in Junction Hotel and the issues of this are starting to appear. (REFERENCE ABOUT Specialization e. g. identifying with mcdonalds/travelodge). Adopting this progressively bureaucratic strategy will empower Chance to make the workforce increasingly levelheaded and sorted out permitting proficiency of work to increment. Chance may choose the laborers are unmotivated if legitimization is placed without hesitation. By apportioning explicit employments particularly repetitive work that is done day in day out specialists may feel dehumanized and can get effectively bored.This is a drawback of the system Chance wishes to utilize nonetheless, there have been studies, for example, the Hawthorne contemplates which recommend it is conceivable to conquer these issues. Besides, on the in addition to side work at Junction Hotel isn't as dreary and dehumanizing as asse mbly line laborers who worked for Taylor or Ford and is far better than quite a bit of today’s work which has been a casualty of ‘McDonaldization’. Ritzer, G. (2008) The Mcdonaldization of society p. 7 cases because of effectiveness ‘Managers†¦ gain since more work completes, more clients are served and more benefits are earned’ and along these lines intend to accomplish most prominent proficiency which is characterized as ‘choosing the ideal way to a given end’. This kind of reasonable association is mechanical, representatives work exclusively for fiscal rewards and work is person. This kind of workplace would not suit Junction Hotel as a lodging is an extremely social spot where laborers need to speak with one another and customers.This sort of workplace in present day society would be found in a drive-through joint, for example, McDonalds †here repetitive errands are constantly done by the laborers and even what they state is scripted. This would not function admirably in the Junction Hotel setting as every client in the inn will have various questions other than â€Å"would you need the assistant to have a similar discussion with you as someone serving you in McDonalds? † (FoM Seminar (2012) Nottingham Trent University). Besides, the Hawthorne Studies found that there are numerous components that changed the yield laborers produced.I feel these are not so much applicable to the laborers at Junction Hotel in light of the fact that a ton of the employments to do at Junction Hotel are more worried about the quality than the amount. For instance there are just 100 rooms to clean however these ought to in spite of the fact that be done rapidly there ought to be sureness that each room is flawless to keep up this sumptuous inn picture. Changes in the light level won’t have a lot of effect on the pace of work in the Hotel or have a lot of effect on clients as they are not so much purchasing it ems. Such changes might be vital in the eatery as here it is significant for food to be made and served quickly.Overall, I think defense is a genuinely necessary system yet not in the manner it is clarified to us in the cutting edge e. g. by dehumanizing laborers and giving them basic, exhausting undertakings to do. It is significant for Junction Hotel to increase a structure/progressive system just as division of work to happen however there is a danger of laborers being deprived of their distinction and in this manner a line must be drawn at how bureaucratic the association ought to become as it must stay a high class setting and not comparable to a Travelodge where there are many scenes which appear to be identical and incorporate no advantages for the customer.REFEERNCE LIST: Anon. (2012, pp. 2-3) FoM Seminar exercise manual 1 †2012-13 MarketingCharts Staff, February 21, 2012. Lodging Industry Poised for 2012. http://www. marketingcharts. com/direct/inn industry-ready for-2 012-development 21201/Morgan, G, (2006, p 19) â€Å"Mechanization Takes Command: Organizations as Machines† from Morgan, G, Images of Organization Ritzer, G. (2008, p. 57) The Mcdonaldization of society Anon. (2012) FoM Seminar Nottingham Trent University

AP Essay Tips - How to Write an Effective AP Essay

AP Essay Tips - How to Write an Effective AP EssayAP Essay Tips is the best way to pass your AP course. Although the test is called the AP Exam, you are not just taking a test, you are taking an entire course. In order to learn everything you need to know about the subject matter and how to ace your AP test, you must follow all the AP Essay Tips.Your first step in taking the test is to prepare for the essay. There are many different types of essays to choose from. Some types of essays are a bit more difficult than others, but they will all have the same basic idea.The essay must have the proper information to pass the test. You should know as much as possible about the subject matter. The more knowledge you have, the better you will do. By knowing as much as possible, you will be able to write a strong essay that will impress the teacher or professor.In order to prepare for your essay, it is very important that you are able to listen to the discussions that the professors and student alike are having. If you can do this, you will know exactly what they are saying and can prepare yourself accordingly. This will allow you to understand everything they are talking about and be able to write an essay that will impress them.Another tip for writing an effective essay is to learn from other people's mistakes. If you see someone make a mistake, talk to him or her about it, and try to improve on the essay. Each time you see something that could use improvement, be sure to tell your instructor so they can correct it for you.In order to come up with an idea for your essay, you should begin by thinking about what you want to write about. You should find out if you are going to use a lot of words or only a few. You can also find out if you are going to use a lot of facts or just provide an opinion.One of the best ways to start your essay is to think about your own experiences. Then take these experiences and relate them to the topic of the essay. It is very easy to write an essay about something that you know a little about, but when you try to relate an experience that you know nothing about, you may run into problems.Finally, in order to write an impressive AP essay, you must have the confidence and self-confidence that you are going to ace the test. Before you write anything, ask yourself, 'How does this help me or improve my chances of passing the test?' Then, write an excellent essay.

Essay about Blood on the Forge - 1162 Words

Bryan Casallo Dr. Bailey April 17, y Blood on the Forge Book Review â€Å"Steel is born in the flames and sent out to live and grow old. It comes back to the flames and has a new birth. But no one man could calculate its beginning or end. It would end when the earth ended. It seemed deathless.† (302) Blood on the Forge, by William Attaway, illustrates one of the most important historical event in United States history, The Great Migration. Attaway sets Blood on the Forge in the midst of the Steel Valley in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during the 1919’s. We accompany the Moss brothers in the Blood on the Forge as they face a world filled with emptiness, hunger, inequality and the obstacles they encounter in an unforgiving world. The Moss†¦show more content†¦Attaway moved from the segregated state of Mississippi to the industrialized city of Chicago, Illinois. The novelist became part of the Great Migration, just as the Moss brothers became part of it when they escaped Kentucky to work on the steel mills of Pennsylvania. It is a pparent that Blood on the Forge has a distinct connection to Attaway’s life. Attaway seeks to tell the plot of the story into five parts. Part one of the story renders the Life of the Moss brothers before the Steel Mills. Working for Mr. Johnson as a sharecropper, the Moss brothers were dirt poor, unable to feed themselves and work the land because of the unfortunate event that killed the Moss brother’s mom that lead to Big Mat killing the mule they used to plant crops. Already burden by the death of their mother, Big Mat nearly kills a the riding boss when he says; â€Å"Killin a animal worth forty dollars, cause a nigger woman got dragged over the rocks.† (69) After this event, it forces the Moss brothers to hop on a train headed for the steel mills of the north. Part two illustrates the crowded boxcar the Moss brothers were encased in as they headed north. Parts three to five depicts the new life ofShow MoreRelatedBlood On The Forge Review1612 Words   |   7 Pages Dawon Glen October 28, 2015 Afro 100 Bailey/McMillian Blood on the Forge Review How can you start from the bottom and rise to the top, but still not be on top? The strength of African Americans over the years is outstanding, but I will it ever be good enough. From discrimination, starvation, Jim Crow, the lack of the right to vote, and job deprivation, came The Great Migration. The Great Migration is one of the most historical periods in America. PeopleRead MoreAnalysis Of Blood On The Forge By William Attaway959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe one they’ve previously had. Examples of these changes can be seen with the â€Å"Great Migration† in the 1900s. A movement in which many African Americans moved to the North to work and settle in the steel mills in search of a better life. In Blood on the Forge by William Attaway, we are able to in fact prove that culture can change and adaptation plays a key role in our existence. The book portrays this change through the life and experiences of the Moss brothers and their lifestyle from KentuckyRead MoreWash ington s War Within A War Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesThen one’s soul sinks into depression, the feeling of defeat, the temptation to give up and surrender just for a taste of some food. This is just the war that General George Washington and the continual army faced in the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge. General Washington was face with the loss of his Army, through extremely low moral brought on by lack of food, and other necessary supplies. The reason for such a hardship during the war was a faulty supply line. On the 23rd of December 1777, WashingtonRead MoreCloud Assisted Mobile Health Research Paper914 Words   |  4 Pagespaper records and prescriptions, are old-fashioned, inefficient, and unreliable. 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No man can forge his own way into the world controlled by Governments corrupted by power and greed. It all started innocently enough. The promise was for healthcare for all. Initial trials failed miserably in Canada, Great Britain, and many other countries

Crime and Punishment vs. The Stranger - 1438 Words

Throughout the novels Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Stranger by Albert Camus, sun, heat, and light play a significant role in the development and understanding of the novel and the characters in it. Upon the initial reading of The Stranger, the reader may have a general acknowledgment of a relationship between the novel’s protagonist, Mersault, and the sun and heat, either proceeding or following one of the novels significant events. What is harder to understand on the first read, is the reason why this is important and what it means. On the opposite side of the field is Crime and Punishment. The imagery relating to weather and heat have an obvious connotation and importance, as they generally appear before an important†¦show more content†¦One of the most noteworthy and climactic event in The Stranger is when Meursault meets the Arab on the beach. â€Å"The Arab drew his knife and held it up to me in the sun. The light shot off the steel and it was like a long flashing blade cutting at my forehead. At the same instant the sweat in my eyebrows dripped down over my eyelids all at once and covered them with a warm, thick film. My eyes were blinded behind the curtain of tears and salt. All I could feel were the cymbals of sunlight crashing on my forehead and, indistinctly, the dazzling spear flying up from the knife in front of me. The scorching blade slashed at my eyelashes and stabbed at my stinging eyes. That’s when everything began to reel. The sea carried up a thick, fiery breath. It seemed to me as if the sky split open from one end to the other to rain down fire. My whole being tensed and I squeeze my hand around the revolver. The trigger gave.† (Camus 59) The sun plays an incredibly significant role in this paragraph, for it is the instigator and beginning of the conflict. Because of this heat, Meursault’s judgment is clouded and he makes a rash decision that changes his life. The line about the sky splitting open and raining fire down upon him suggests that he subconsciously feels confusion about not grieving at his mother’s funeral. If the sun had not made an appearance that day on the beach, it can be safely concluded that Meursault would not have killed the Arab. But because it was there, it pushedShow MoreRelatedCrime and Punishment vs the Stranger Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe novels The Stranger by Albert Camus and Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky are both murder novels that explores the inner thoughts of the killers. Camus and Dostoevsky wrote novels that portrays a young man committing murder and how the young man faces the consequences and deals with the horrible crime the which he has committed. Albert Camus and Fyodor Dostoevsky uses two different points of view in each of their novels, first person point of view and third person point of view, respectivelyRead MoreCrime System And Criminal Justice System Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing I will discuss my perspectives of the researched information and the noted changes of a system that was created by the people for the people. Topic I – Victim Justice System vs. Criminal Justice System A. Responsibilities of the victim’s past/present. B. Retribution and Restitution and other form of punishments past and present. Topic II –Victim Justice System transforms into Criminal Justice System A. The impact of capitalism and social forces driven by a free market economy. B. MassiveRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Death Penalty1552 Words   |  7 Pageswounded. The death penalty is used as a form of punishment in the eastern hemisphere for many crimes, such as espionage, terrorism, and first-degree murder. 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I will define the legal definition of spousal/marital rape, briefly discuss the history, point out the differences in requirements and punishments for rape vs. spousal rape, and finally describe the effects spousal rape has on its victims. While the legal definition varies by state, spousal rape can be defined as any unwanted intercourse or penetration obtained by force, threat of force, or whenRead MoreMeursault Is An Absurdism1499 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans. This notion creates expectations for how people should emotionally respond to events around them. However, when one does not conform to these expectations, a complex conflict arises between that individual and the surrounding society. The Stranger, a translated novella by Albert Camus, takes place in the early 1940s and revolves around Meursault, a French Algerian. Developed through a presentation of his own thoughts, it grows clear that Meursault is an absurdist. He believes that his actionsRead MoreRunning Head:. Response Paper 1 Response Paper 3. Advanced1277 Words   |  6 PagesArizona State University Response Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going to briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with freeRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime And Crime1260 Words   |  6 PagesResponse Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going too briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with free will (BeccariaRead MoreSenate Bill 420 : The Issue Of Prostitution And Separating The Buyers From The Sellers1171 Words   |  5 PagesSenate Bill 420 would recast provisions by clearly defining prostitution and separating the buyers from the sellers. This bill not only defines the crime of prostitution but it also divides the crime into three sections: the involvement of the buyer, the involvement of the seller, and/or the involvement of a minor. Senator Huff first introduced this bill on February 25, 2015 where it was first presented to a committee on RLS, waiting for the approval to print. Freshly off the printer on February

Servant Leadership on Employee Engagement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Servant Leadership on Employee Engagement. Answer: Introduction: There are various leadership models that are currently in place. Transformational servant leadership is one of the most preferred leadership styles in organizations today. According to Parolini (2012), transformational servant leadership refers to the ability to cast a collaborative moral vision while actively caring for those participating in moving the vision to reality (pp. 13). According to Parolini (2012), transformational servant leadership is not a quick fix. It is, however, todays heroes are products of transformational servant leadership. According to Autry (2001), some of the characteristics of transformational and servant leadership are ethics, trustworthy, visionary, strategic and having the heart to serve others. Transformational servant leaders always listen to their followers and have exceptional intuitive insights. Due to this character trait, they are dependable and trustworthy (Parolini, 2012). The followers of transformational servant leaders always connect themselves to them based on their personal traits of leadership. Transformational servant leaders listen to their followers and respect their opinions. They give their followers chances to contribute meaningfully in the decision-making process (Autry, 2001). Trust plays an important role in inspiring followers to participate. When employees have trust and believe in their leaders' values and organizational goals, they become more loyal and dedicated to realizing organizational goals (Kowske, Lundy, Rasch, 2009, pp. 50). Motivated employees would want to feel being part of the organization, hence; get inspiration to participate in achieving the organization goals (Carter, 2012). Transformational servant leadership is all about putting ones team first before oneself. In my organizational, I have always been there for my team to ensure that their needs are always met satisfactorily. I always check in with them to know how they are holding up. As their leader, I am at the forefront in creating opportunities for them to develop their skills required to advance their careers. As a transformational servant leader, I listen to their opinions. I analyze issues from my team's perspectives and make a decision with my followers' best interests at heart. I provide the necessary resources and knowledge that my team require to meet their objectives and that of the organization. My leadership skills have made my team be the most successful due to high engagement. A transformational and servant leader puts his team first and inspires his team to achieve exceptional results (Parolini, 2012). As a transformational and servant leader, service to others means helping others in achieving their dreams and to always listen to their needs and opinions. Service to others can be demonstrated by solving challenges that may arise and to be always at the forefront in making critical decisions. Motivation is essential in any workplace and serves as a determination in serving others. Acknowledgement of other peoples perspectives and needs also demonstrates service to others. Decision-making is a vital role in managing an organization. Leaders need to involve other people in the decision-making process as a way of empowering them. I believe that a leader should empower his followers by allowing them to handle issues their way and encourage them to own the problems and come up with practical strategies in solving them. Empowering people will make them contribute significantly in the decision-making process which will, in turn, help leaders to solve challenges in a manner that is acceptable to all the team members. References Autry, J. A. (2001). The servant leader: How to build a creative team, develop great morale, and improve bottom-line performance. New York, NY: Three Rivers. Carter, D. R. (2012). The influence of servant leadership on employee engagement: A qualitative phenomenological study of restaurant employees (Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix). Kowske, B., Lundby, K., Rasch, R., Harris, C., Lucas, D. (2009). Turning'survive'into'thrive': Managing survivor engagement in a downsized organization. People and Strategy, 32(4), 48. Parolini, J. (2012). Transformational Servant Leadership. Xulon Press.

Was Machiavelli Satan Essay Example For Students

Was Machiavelli Satan? Essay The Church accused Niccolo Machiavelli of being Satan for writing his book The Prince. Machiavelli completed The Prince in 1513. He wrote it as a gift to Lorenzo Medici, called the Magnificent, ruler of Florence. The political views Machiavelli expressed in his book went against the theology of the Church, specifically the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. Machiavelli wrote to gain control of a principality one must be brutal. (I)f you are a prince in possession of a newly acquired state and deem it necessary. . . to annihilate those who can or must attack you. . . . , you must do so to protect your principality. He gave the example of Duke Valentinos slaying of his nobles to maintain order, saying if Valentino had not killed his men, Valentino would have lost power. The Bible strongly forbids the killing of anyone. The Sixth Commandment states You shall not murder. In what is known as the Beatitudes, from Jesus Sermon on the Mount, the Bible also says those who are meek shall inh erit the earth. A meek person certainly does not kill others for standing in his or her way like Machiavelli is suggesting to be done. Another verse from the Beatitudes says those who are peacemakers will be called sons of God. Peacemakers do not kill either. For Machiavelli to say if killing a person is for the betterment of your principality, then to do so went against Gods rule and the Churchs. True followers of the Church abide by the Church beliefs, because if you are not for God, you are for Satan. As a ruler a prince must make certain pledges and steadfast promises; however, Machiavelli reasons that a prince does not have to keep his word all the time. The prince can pledge one thing under certain circumstances; but if those circumstances change, he is free to change his pledge if the change should benefit his situation. For instance, Pope Alexander VI, who reigned before Machiavelli wrote The Prince, made promises more persuasively or swore to them more solemnly and kept so few of them . . . . Pope Alexander VI also got what he wanted by deceiving others. The Beatitudes say those who desire righteousness will be filled; those who are pure of heart will see God. Righteousness and purity do not occur through deception. The ninth of the Ten Commandments says You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor, meaning do not lie. Matthew, the first book of the New Testament, says Do no break your oath . . . . The Church had good reason to disagree with Machiavelli about craftiness. We will write a custom essay on Was Machiavelli Satan? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Nobility for princes can be seen as one of two ways: generous or parsimonious. If a prince is generous, his generosity usually comes at the expense of his subjects. The prince would have to tax his people heavily in order to give. This will begin to make him odious to his subjects and . . . will lose him the respect of everyone. For a prince to give money, he need not tax his people, rather give what he pillaged and stole while on various campaigns. If a prince is stingy with the peoples money, he will not tax as much; thus, his subjects will honor him more. The teachings of the Church and the Bible promote generosity, and remark that keeping ones wealth to oneself will lead to self destruction, Hell. The teachings likewise include You shall not steal. Although his ideas were contrary to those of the Church and of the Bible, Machiavelli can not be compared with Satan. He was promoting the survival of a principality at any cost. He said a prince will find things which, though seeming good, will lead to his ruin if pursued, and others which, though seeming evil, will result in his safety and well-being. Machiavelli also said that if a ruler gains control by cruelty and wickedness the ruler is without virtue, and he cannot be compared to men of good character. He does not condone this type of behavior, he merely contends it is necessary to exist as a prince. Various people in the Bible killed others. One of the greatest men in the Old Testament, King David took many lives in order to maintain his kingdom. Abraham, the man to whom God promised offspring as many as the stars in the sky, too attacked and murdered people. How can Machiavelli be so evil for only suggesting the destruction of enemies, if great men of the Bible actually did the same?Pope Alexander VI was a man of the Church and a ruler, yet he openly deceived men. Satan too beguiled men: in the Garden of Eden Satan lied to Eve, in the desert Satan tried to mislead Jesus. Was Alexander ever compared to Sa tan as Machiavelli was? King David, known for his righteousness and integrity, deceived a colleague of his by committing adultery with his colleagues wife, then covering his sin. At one time, Machiavellis name was compared to Satans. His thoughts andideas written in his book The Prince contradicted those of the Church and the Bible. But Machiavelli did not condone the use of force, violence, and deception. He said using those things would be bad if all men were good; however, men are evil. 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Life and Work of Leonora Carrington, Activist and Artist

Life and Work of Leonora Carrington, Activist and Artist Leonora Carrington (April 6, 1917–May 25, 2011) was an English artist, novelist, and activist. She was part of the Surrealist movement of the 1930s and, after moving to Mexico City as an adult, became a founding member of Mexicos women’s liberation movement. Fast Facts: Leonora Carrington Known For: Surrealist artist and writerBorn: April 6, 1917 in Clayton Green, Clayton-le-Woods, United KingdomDied: May 25, 2011 in Mexico City, MexicoSpouse(s): Renato Leduc, Emericko WeiszChildren: Gabriel Weisz, Pablo WeiszNotable Quote: I didnt have time to be anyones muse... I was too busy rebelling against my family and learning to be an artist. Early Life Leonora Carrington was born in 1917 in Clayton Green, Chorley, Lancashire, England, to an Irish mother married to a wealthy Irish textile manufacturer. In a family of four children, she was the only daughter, alongside her three brothers. Although she was educated by excellent governesses and sent to good schools, she was expelled from two different schools for rebellious misbehavior. Eventually, Carrington was sent abroad to Florence, Italy, where she studied at Mrs. Penroses Academy of Art. When Carrington was ten, she first encountered Surrealist art in a gallery in Paris, which cemented her desire to pursue a career as an artist. Her father strongly disapproved, but her mother supported her. Although she was presented at court when she came of age, Carrington was mostly disinterested in the niceties of society. Newcomer to the Art World In 1935, Carrington attended the Chelsea School of Art in London for one year, but she then transferred to London’s Ozenfant Academy of Fine Arts (established by the French modernist Amà ©dà ©e Ozenfant), where she spent the next three years studying her craft. Her family was not openly opposed to her artistic pursuits, but by this point, they were not actively encouraging her either. Carringtons greatest champion and patron at this time was Edward James, the noted Surrealist poet and art patron. James bought many of her early paintings. Years later, he still supported her work, and he arranged a show for her work at  Pierre Matisses New York gallery in 1947. Relationship With Max Ernst At an exhibition in London in 1936, Carrington encountered the work of Max Ernst, a German-born Surrealist who was 26 years her senior. Ernst and Carrington met at a London party the following year and quickly became inseparable, both artistically and romantically. When they moved to Paris together, Ernst left his wife and moved in with Carrington, making a home in the south of France. Together, they supported each other’s art and even made works of art, such as quirky animal sculptures, to decorate their shared home. It was during this period that Carrington painted her first clearly Surrealist work, Self-portrait  (also called  The Inn of the Dawn Horse). Carrington depicted herself in dreamy white clothes and with loose hair, with a prancing hyena in front of her a rocking horse flying around behind her. She also painted a portrait of Ernst in a similar style. When World War II began, Ernst (who was German) was immediately treated with hostility in France. He was soon arrested by French authorities as a hostile foreign national and was released only because of interventions of several well-connected French and American friends. Things only got worse when the Nazis invaded France; they arrested Ernst again and accused him of creating â€Å"degenerate† art. Ernst escaped and fled to America with the help of art patron Peggy Guggenheim- but he left Carrington behind. Ernst married Peggy Guggenheim in 1941, and although their marriage soon fell apart, he and Carrington never rekindled their relationship. Institutionalization and Escape Terrified and devastated, Carrington fled Paris and headed to Spain. Her mental and emotional state deteriorated, and ultimately her parents had Carrington institutionalized. Carrington was treated with electroshock therapy and strong drugs. Carrington later wrote about her horrific experiences in the mental institution, which also reportedly included assault, abuse, and unsanitary conditions, in a novel, Down Below. Eventually, Carrington was released to the care of a nurse and moved to Lisbon, Portugal. In Lisbon, Carrington escaped the nurse and sought sanctuary in the Mexican embassy. Renato Leduc, a Mexican ambassador and friend of Pablo Picasso, agreed to help get Carrington out of Europe. The pair entered a marriage of convenience so that her path would be smoother as a diplomat’s wife, and they were able to escape to Mexico. Aside from a few journeys north to the United States, Carrington would spend most of the rest of her life in Mexico. Art and Activism in Mexico Carrington and Leduc divorced quickly and quietly in 1943. Over the next couple of decades, Carrington spent time in New York City as well as in Mexico, interacting with the art world at large. Her work was unusual among the Surrealist community in that she did not use the works of Freud as a major influence. Instead, she utilized magical realism and the idea of alchemy, often drawing on her own life for inspiration and symbolism. Carrington also went against the grain with regards to the Surrealists’ approach to female sexuality: she painted as she experienced the world as a woman, rather than the male-gaze filtered depictions of many of her counterparts. In the 1970s, Leonora became a voice for the women’s liberation movement in Mexico City. She designed a poster, called Mujeres conciencia, for their movement. In many ways, her art tackled concepts of gender identity and feminism, making her an ideal fit to work with their cause. Her focus was psychological freedom, but her work was primarily towards political freedom for women (as a means to this ultimate goal); she also believed in creating cooperative efforts between the movements in North America and Mexico. While Carrington was living in Mexico, she met and married the Hungarian-born photographer Emerico Weisz. The couple had two sons: Gabriel and Pablo, the latter of whom followed in his mother’s footsteps as a Surrealist artist. Death and Legacy Carringtons husband Emerico Weisz died in 2007. She survived him by about four years. After a battle with pneumonia, Carrington died in Mexico City on May 25, 2011, aged 94. Her work continues to be shown at exhibitions across the world, from Mexico to New York to her native Britain. In 2013, Carringtons work had a major retrospective at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin, and in 2015, a Google Doodle commemorated what would have been her 98th birthday. By the time of her death, Leonora Carrington was one of the last-surviving Surrealist artists, and undoubtedly one of the most unique. Sources Aberth, Susan. Leonora Carrington: Surrealism, Alchemy and Art. Lund Humphries, 2010.Blumberg, Naomi. â€Å"Leonora Carrington: English-Born Mexican Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonora-Carrington.â€Å"Leonora Carrington.† National Museum of Women in the Arts, https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/leonora-carrington.

History of Golf and Golf Equipment

History of Golf and Golf Equipment Golf originated from a game played on the coast of Scotland during the 15th century. Golfers would hit a pebble instead of a ball around the sand dunes using a stick or club. After 1750, golf evolved into the sport as we recognize it today. In 1774, Edinburgh golfers wrote the first standardized rules for the game of golf. Invention of Golf Balls Golfers soon tired of hitting pebbles and tried other things. The earliest man-made golf balls included thin leather bags stuffed with feathers (they did not fly very far). The gutta-percha ball was invented in 1848 by Reverend Adam Paterson. Made from the sap of the Gutta tree, this ball could be hit a maximum distance of 225 yards and was very similar to its modern counterpart. In 1898, Coburn Haskell introduced the first one-piece rubber core; when professionally hit these balls reached distances approaching 430 yards. According to The Dimpled Golf Ball by Vincent Mallette, balls were smooth during the early days of golf. Players noticed that as balls became old and scarred, they traveled farther. After a while players would take new balls and intentionally pit them. In 1905, golf ball manufacturer William Taylor was the first to add the dimple pattern using the Coburn Haskell ball. Golf balls had now taken on their modern form. Evolution of Golf Clubs Golf clubs have evolved from wooden shaft clubs to todays sets of woods and irons with durability, weight distribution, and graduation utility. The evolution of clubs went hand-in-hand with the evolution of golf balls that were able to withstand harder whacks. History of Carrying and Caddies During the 1880s, golf bags first came into use. The beast of burden is an old nickname for the caddie who carried golfers equipment for them. The first powered golf car appeared around 1962 and was invented by Merlin L. Halvorson. Invention of Golf Tees The word tee as it relates to the game of golf originated as the name for the area where a golfer played. In 1889, the first documented portable golf tee was patented by Scottish golfers William Bloxsom and Arthur Douglas. This golf tee was made from rubber and had three vertical rubber prongs that held the ball in place. However, it lay on the ground and did not pierce the ground like modern golf tees. In 1892, a British patent was granted to Percy Ellis for his Perfectum tee that did pierce the ground. It was a rubber tee with a metal spike. The 1897 Victor tee was similar and included a cup-shaped top to better hold the golf ball. The Vicktor was patented by Scotsmen PM Matthews. American patents for golf tees include the first American patent issued to Scotsmen David Dalziel in 1895, the 1895 patent issued to American Prosper Senat, and the 1899 patent for an improved golf tee issued to George Grant. Rules of the Game In 1774, the first standardized rules of golf were written and used for the first golf championship, which was won by Doctor John Rattray on 2nd April 1744 in Edinburgh, Scotland. You must tee your ball within one clubs length of the hole.Your  tee  must be on the ground.You are not to change the ball which you strike off the tee.You are not to remove stones, bones or any break club for the sake of playing your ball, except on the fair green, and that only within a clubs length of your ball.If your ball comes among water, or any watery filth, you are at liberty to take out your ball and bringing it behind the hazard and teeing it, you may play it with any club and allow your adversary a stroke for so getting out your ball.If your balls  be  found anywhere touching one another you are to lift the first ball till you play the last.At  holeing  you are to play your ball honestly for the hole, and not to play upon your adversarys ball, not lying in your way to the hole.If you should lose your ball, by its being taken up, or any other way, you are to go back to the spot where you struck last and drop another ball and allow your adversary a stroke for th e misfortune.No man at  holeing  his ball is to be allowed to mark his way to the hold with his club or anything else. If a ball  be  stoppd by any person, horse or dog, or anything else, the ball so stoppd  must  be played where it lyes.If you draw your club in order to strike and proceed so far in the stroke as to be bringing down your club; if then your club shall break in any way, it is to be accounted a stroke.He whose ball  lyes  farthest from the hole is obliged to play first.Neither trench, ditch or  dyke  made for the preservation of the links, nor the Scholars Holes or the soldiers lines shall be accounted a hazard but the ball is to be taken out,  teed  and  playd  with any iron club.

Stress in Law Enforcement Results in a High Degree of Divorce and Research Paper

Stress in Law Enforcement Results in a High Degree of Divorce and Suicide - Research Paper Example Indications suggest what can be done to alleviate the problems both individually as officers, within their families, and within the organization as a whole. Finally, the information covers law enforcement officers’ duties regarding service to the community and how the community can avoid a disservice to the officers. Key words: double bind, stresses, high risk lifestyle Stress in Law Enforcement Results in a High Degree of Divorce and Suicide. How does this Problem Develop and How is it Mitigated? Introduction â€Å"If you ever find me like that (shot), you better start looking for the one who did it, because I would never do that to myself (Boyce, 2006).† This was a statement previously quoted by a State Trooper who did not come home as usual after his shift. The officer was found with a gunshot wound to the head and sitting in his own car after a long and diligent search. The State Crime Lab determined that he had taken his own life. What would cause an officer to do such a thing to himself? Sergeant Boyce can remember seeing warning signs, after the fact, that the officer was under much physical and emotional stress (Boyce, 2006). The dead officer had become withdrawn and did not work with the rest of the officers as he had in the past. Sergeant James Boyce recalls himself when dozing in a chair at his home on the couch, and his wife or one of the kids touched him, he would sit straight up and make a fist as if ready to fight. Is an incident such as this caused by the everyday stress of law enforcement? (Boyce, 2006). According to Hans Selye, a respected researcher in stress, â€Å"police work is the most stressful occupation in America (Boyce, 2006).† Law enforcement stress leads to one of the highest, suicide rates in the nation in comparison to other occupations. The divorce rate for other occupations is 50 percent while law enforcement divorce rates are as high as 75 percent. This makes the divorce rate among police officers second i n the nation. These facts alone are a warning sign targeted at law enforcement management. Extreme Negative Effects Dan Goldfarb covers the impact of stress on police officers at a union delegates meeting. He defines stress in a very unconventional way, but it relates very well to the job of police work. Stress is â€Å"that feeling and desire along with the ensuing bodily effects, experienced by a person who has a strong and true longing to choke the living shit out of someone who desperately deserves it, but you can’t (Goldfarb, 2011).† It is Goldfarbs’ contention that although this might be a very funny way to convey the information, however, there is a real truth to it. Law enforcement work calls for an incredible amount of discipline and restraint. This restraint is a continuing thing and it causes insurmountable stress. Goldfarb points out that between 1934 and 1960 police suicide rates were half that of the general population and between 1980 and the pres ent have almost doubled (Goldfarb, 2011). So the difference in the present vs. the past is, â€Å"You can’t choke em anymore,† as he puts it. He contends that street justice no longer exists, the media is continually showing the negative side of police work, and politicians cater to the public and new laws, therefore, your hands are tied. So, law enforcement officers start to feel like they are being choked. According to research the biggest stresses for police work are, 1. Taking a life in the line

Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Management - Assignment Example Like men, women employees are important for organizations as they have different perceptions about managing business activities and they definitely help them in achieving their business goals and objectives. In the last couple of years, the number of female employees has increased drastically and policies have been changed to ensure that there is equality among the workforce and women are not deprived of their rights. The biggest advantage of having women as employees is that there is discipline in organizations and business activities are conducted in a proper and strategic way. In addition to having a positive work atmosphere, involving women in business decision making has helped various organizations to achieve success in a short span of time. Women’s work capabilities are totally different from men and they differ in terms of managing business activities, compliance with rules and regulations and critical thinking in business decisions. Since women tend to abide by organi zational policies more than men, the organization’s culture is disciplined and every business activity is properly managed. Along with these aspects, women do a lot of analysis and thinking when involved in any decision-making process and they prefer to evaluate every option from all critical aspects so that resources are efficiently allocated and organization is able to earn proper return on its investment. They need to ensure that they have an appropriate number of them within their work environment.

When Did Global Warming Become Climate Change? :: Climate Change vs Global Warming

"If we want to address global warming, along with the other environmental problems associated with our continued rush to burn our precious fossil fuels as quickly as possible, we must learn to use our resources more wisely, kick our addiction, and quickly start turning to sources of energy that have fewer negative impacts." -- David Suzuki Earlier this year one of my friends asked, â€Å"So which essay topic did you decide on?† To which I responded, â€Å"Global warming.† Then my friend responded, â€Å"That is impossible. Global warming was not even an option,† I was worried. I rushed back to my apartment and opened my course binder to find that I was actually writing about climate change and not global warming. Then I wondered, "When did global warming morph into climate change? Am I in school to learn about fashion? Are we all just following the latest trend? What does any of this have to do with science? According to Erik Conway of NASA, â€Å"Global warming refers to surface temperature increases, while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas amounts will affect† (Conway). Recently the United States has experienced a drop in temperature. This past weekend I was walking with a friend. With nothing to talk about, the awkward silence was finally filled with a comment on the weather. He said, â€Å"It’s so incredibly cold! So much for global warming!!† What my friend, nor I at the beginning of the semester, did not understand was that â€Å"temperature change itself isn’t the most severe effect of changing climate. Changes to precipitation patterns and sea level are likely to have much greater human impact than the higher temperatures alone† (Conway). Thankfully the national media has begun to increasingly reference the more scientifically significant term: climate change.

Cultural Supression: Abusive Behavior Towards Women and Its Effect on the Spread of Hiv/Aids

Africa is facing a devastating crisis with respect to the AIDS epidemic, currently accounting for over 70% of the world's HIV-positive population. There are, of course, many factors that drive the explosive transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, but in the tangled web that is the epidemic in Africa, many of these issues share a common thread. The oppression of women in Africa can be considered the virus' cultural vector. Females are rendered powerless in African societies, and existing gender inequalities are largely responsible for the spread of the disease.Females' disadvantaged position in society is intrinsically linked to the subordination of women in their relationships with men. In order for progress to be made, an examination of gender relations and empowerment for women must take place. To be successful, AIDS campaigns must be built on the existing organizational skills of women, but must incorporate men as well. The blatantly skewed distribution of power in Afric an patriarchal societies makes women extremely vulnerable but has dangerous implications for all.To examine the forces that steer the epidemic down its course, the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Africa must first be considered. More than 80% of all HIV infections in Africa are acquired through heterosexual contact. This statistic is grossly out of balance with the 13% rate of infection through heterosexual contact in the United States. Vertical transmission from mother to child is the second most common route for the virus to take in Africa (Essex et al. , 158). These rates are generally much higher than in the United States and Europe, where the use of a drug called nevirapine has drastically reduced mother-to-child transmission.This disparity is a direct result of differences in the nations' wealth. African nations simply cannot afford to provide the drug to infected pregnant women. The continued transmission of HIV through contaminated blood during processes such as blood transf usions is another dismal consequence of poverty and inferior health services in many African countries. This method accounts for the third most important mode of transmission, one that has been virtually eradicated in many countries because the technology is available to prevent it (Essex et al. 159). Part of what makes the situation in Africa so devastating is that the primary roads the virus travels in Africa were shut down long ago in other countries. Much of the world's population already takes many of the roadblocks for granted. The transmission route of heterosexual contact is so heavily traveled in Africa that it demands an examination of sexual behavior. Before we delve into the workings of intimate relationships, however, the fine points of gender inequality in the public sphere must be examined.These social conditions spill over into every aspect of life, tainting women's casual and sexual relationships with men. Women are systematically disadvantaged in African society. M ale bias in the structures of society is reflected in day-to-day behavior, embedded in legislation, policy, political and religious ideologies, and cultural conventions (Baylies et al. , 6). Examples of this trend abound. The Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia designates the husband as the head of the family and gives him the authority to administer household property.The husband is given the right to control and manage common property and to make all decisions regarding it. While the Code requires that the husband act judiciously and not alienate property without the consent of his wife, strong traditional and cultural beliefs discourage women from enforcing this requirement (African Region Findings). In Kenya, the Constitution permits the application of customary law to personal matters. The Constitution contains no provisions for gender as a basis for non-discrimination and consequently, even gender-biased practices are held as valid and constitutional.Women's access to economi c resources in Kenya is largely defined by customary laws (African Region Findings). Inheritance is usually along the male lineage; women do not inherit family property. Not only do women have less access to income and possess much less wealth than their male counterparts, but they also contribute more hours of labor than men do (Baylies, et. al. , 7). In a village meeting held in rural Lushoto, Tanzania, in 1996, coordinated in response to AIDS, even two of the men present agreed that women take the heavier burden. A man, if you need him, is always out,† an elderly man spoke out, â€Å"whereas the woman is the one at home, taking care of cooking and all other household affairs. . . . We get up in the mornings and go about our business and don't concern ourselves with whether [the children] eat or not,† he continued. â€Å"We leave it all to mama. We give orders, we are ‘dictators' in the home† (Baylies et al. , 191). Most of the men, however, did not share his capacity to see the situation in this way. One male maintains, â€Å"as a man you have so many things to attend to, and you rely on her to think of things like soap for washing† (Baylies et al. 190). Women's limited opportunities also translate into reduced access to education.Their lower levels of literacy contribute to their more limited access to information about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV (Baylies et al. , 6). Cultural conventions prevent them from asserting themselves in public, squelching any hope of improving their situation in this way. Since their work is confined to the domestic field, women's labor does not command market value, leaving them dependent on those members of the household who operate in the cash economy (Baylies et al. 7). Economic need often drives women to enter into prostitution. The selling of sex, many argue, is often the only choice African women have â€Å"between starvation and survival† (Essex et al. , 538). It is the l ink between women's position in wider society and position in sexual relations that is crucial to understanding their vulnerability to the virus. UNAIDS reported in 1999 that in sub-Saharan Africa 12 or 13 women are infected with the HIV virus for every 10 men (Russell 101). Women have characteristically been viewed as responsible for transmitting the virus.Prostitutes are blamed for spreading HIV to clients, and mothers are blamed for passing it to their children (Essex et al. , 3). Females are thought to have a polluting influence and are treated as â€Å"vaginas or uteruses,† â€Å"whores or mothers,† and â€Å"vectors or vessels† as opposed to people (Essex et al. , 3). Instead of regarding women as blameworthy for the severity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa, they should be more accurately perceived as occupying a cultural niche in which they are highly vulnerable to contracting the virus.Since women are forced to relinquish the driver's seat to males in the public sphere, they certainly have no say in the nature and timing of their sexual activity in the private sphere, leaving the roads HIV travels open to traffic. Intimate relations revolve around the same â€Å"notions of personhood† that operate in the larger society (Baylies, et. al. , 7). The outcomes of these gender ideologies take form as sexual practices. The foundation of these sexual understandings seems to be that women are expected to give but not receive pleasure.Sexual norms prescribe relative passivity for females, while according sexual decision making to men (Baylies et al. , 7). Tolerance is expected for the greater sexual mobility of men. Female fidelity is usually viewed as necessary while male infidelity is consistent with the extension of the familial line (Essex et al. , 534). The double standard expectation is that women will enter into a marriage as virgins but men will not. In patriarchal, sub-Saharan African cultures, marriage can be defined as a leg ally and socially sanctioned relationship between a man and a woman within which procreation takes place (Essex et al. 534). Women are not viewed as people capable of sexual pleasure but as the means by which to achieve an end. That end is the perpetuation of the family line. This prime value on marriage and motherhood presses young girls into risky, multiple-partner relationships long before they are psychologically or physically mature. Young women cannot refuse the sexual demands of older men nor bear the social stigma of being without a husband or children (Essex et al. , 536). Women are powerless within their relationships and have too little power outside of them to abandon partners that put them at risk.How, then, do these social and sexual patterns account for the severity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa? Many claim that male privilege is what drives the AIDS epidemic, even going so far as to call AIDS a form of mass femicide (Russell 100). Diane Russell bluntly states, †Å"Those women who contract HIV/AIDS from their male partners because of their sexist attitudes and behavior, and/or because of their superior power and dominant status, are? when they die? victims of femicide† (102). There are many examples of manifestations of male domination that can be fatal for female partners.Male refusal to use condoms is perhaps the most critical of these behaviors. Utilization of condoms is the one factor that would undoubtedly reduce transmission rates drastically. Women are not even allowed to ask, â€Å"Can we have sex? ,† so it is even more difficult to bring up condom use (Russell 103). However, if a woman does find the courage to ask her male partner to use a condom, not only will he almost certainly refuse, he is likely to beat her. â€Å"Talk to him about donning a rubber sheath and be prepared for accusations, abuse or abandonment,† relates Johanna McGeary in TIME magazine.Her article also related the story of a nurse in Durban, who, coming home from an AIDS training class, suggested that her husband put on a condom. He proceeded to grab a pot and bang on it loudly, attracting all the neighbors. He pointed a knife at her and demanded: â€Å"Where was she between 4 p. m. and now? Why is she suddenly suggesting that? What has changed after 20 years that she wants a condom? † One man, who had already infected his wife with HIV and was developing open herpes sores on his penis, objected to his wife's suggestion of using condoms, accusing her of having a boyfriend (Russell 103).Even educated men, aware of the AIDS risk, balk at the suggestion. McGeary heard the same answer come up again and again: â€Å"That question is nonnegotiable. † Several myths account for the lack of condom use, even when they are distributed for no cost: your erection can't grow, free condoms must be too cheap to be safe, condoms fill up with germs, condoms from overseas bring the disease with them, condoms donated by forei gn governments have holes in them so that Africans will die (McGeary).Some men simply decide they do not like the way condoms feel, and that is enough to decide the issue. When interviewed, one couple in Kanyama, Zambia, reported using condoms for contraception, but the husband started to complain that they were â€Å"burning† him and was not going to continue using them (Baylies et al. , 98). The established trend is that women must risk infection to please men. Women compromise their sexual safety to men's pleasure by even more drastic physical means. Throughout Southern Africa, many women practice â€Å"dry sex† to please their husbands.This involved drying out the vagina with soil mixed with baboon urine; some use detergents, salts, cotton, or shredded newspaper (Russell 102). Not only is dry sex reportedly very painful for women, it causes vaginal lacerations and suppresses the vagina's natural bacteria, both of which increase the likelihood of contracting the HIV virus when engaging in sex with an infected partner (Russell 103). Since women are already twice as likely to contract HIV from a single encounter than are men, this is extremely dangerous (McGeary).The decision to engage in dry sex can be made for economical reasons as well. The prostitute who dries out her vagina can charge more, 50 or 60 rands ($6. 46 to $7. 75), enough to pay a child's school fees or to eat for a week (McGeary). This is in contrast to the 20 rands ($2. 84) she might receive otherwise. Since male economic privilege plays a major role in forcing women into prostitution, any AIDS deaths resulting from it can be considered femicide. Economic disadvantage for females drives them to participate in other â€Å"dirty† deals.Teenage girls especially are easy prey for older, wealthier â€Å"sugar daddies,† men who provide money and goods in exchange for sex (Essex et al. , 536). Sex has been referred to as the â€Å"currency by which women and girls are ex pected to pay for life's opportunities, from a passing grade in school to a trading license† (Baylies et al. , 7). Girls as young as ten and eleven in Tanzania have been reported as having sexual relations with men for chips, Coke, money for videos or transport to school (Baylies et al. , 11).Sexual networking has dangerous implications for the spread of HIV, leaving many young women with much more than they bargained for. Yet another expression of male dominance on which the virus thrives is the practice of female genital mutilation. This practice, which has roots in the patriarchal society, is defined by the World Health Organization as the removal of part or all of the external female genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons (Russell 104).It is designed to cater to men's sexual preferences and reinforce their control over women. The tendency of mutilated genitals to bleed, especially during intercourse, puts women at high risk for contracting the virus, as does the repeated use of the crude instruments used to perform these operations. The tools are often used on a number of girls on the same occasion (Russell 105). This practice is imposed on millions of girls in Africa. It is an attack not only on their bodies but also on their womanhood, on their personhood, and on their ability to protect themselves from a deadly disease.Tolerance of male promiscuity is a further social construction that strips away females' autonomy with fatal consequences. Men are accepted as sexually voracious by nature. â€Å"They are like that, and you can't do anything,† says one girl in Lushoto (Baylies et al. , 128). Many families' economic situations require that husbands are gone for months at a time in order to work, and they are certainly not expected to abstain from sexual activity during this time. Another Lushoto girl, married to a trader often away in Dar es Salaam, reports that she is afraid of her hu sband, worrying â€Å"he may infect me† (Baylies et al. 128). Her concern is absolutely justified. When a wife suspects that her husband has many partners outside the marriage, she is not entitled to refuse to engage in sex. â€Å"You are a wife, what can you do? † is the sad reality for most (Baylies et al. , 128). Marriage is an institution of vulnerability for women in Africa with respect to HIV. In general, it is men who bring HIV into a marriage (Baylies et al. , 11). Women can be infected, not through promiscuous activity on their own part, but as a consequence of being faithful to their husbands.The prevalence of AIDS in Africa also transforms sexual assaulters into murderers. The problem of rape is especially highlighted in South Africa, where a woman is estimated to be five times more likely to be raped than a woman in the United States (Russell 106). It is an extremely rare event that a rape is reported at all; 75% are believed to remain unreported (Russell 1 07). The existence of rape gangs is also a serious problem in South Africa. The term for recreational gang rape is jackrolling, and it is considered a game, not a crime.An analysis of gender relations in Africa provides insight into how and why HIV spreads so efficiently. The question now becomes what should be done with this knowledge to generate prevention strategies. It is obvious that women must become more empowered for the epidemic to be slowed with any significance. Russell claims that the first order of business requires educating people about the role played by male domination in the spread of HIV and AIDS, and that policies must then be developed to eliminate manifestations of patriarchy (109).It is clear that education should focus more on gender issues than the need to avoid risky sexual behavior. However, as has been demonstrated over and over, increased knowledge does not always translate into changed behavior. Baylies and Bujra investigate the potential of women's gro ups in campaigns of protection against HIV in Africa. They also point out that if economic dependence on men is a factor underlying women's vulnerability, greater economic security should serve to empower women. For this to occur, women would require higher levels of education.How men should be involved is another debatable issue. Male behaviors not only put their partners in danger, but themselves as well. Therefore, not only do men bear responsibility in this area, but it would be in their interest to assist in the process. One thing is clear: if the AIDS epidemic is to become any less of a problem in Africa, women will have to be empowered. Though AIDS is certainly a virtually impossible fire to extinguish in any context, the patriarchal society and exploitation of women not only fuels the flames but turns a fire into an inferno.For millions of African women, this hell is the reality. Their inferior position in larger society renders them powerless in sexual relations. The manife station of these social constructions emerges in sexual practices and behavior that not only allow HIV to transmit at alarming rates, but also are blatant violations of basic human rights. When African women are no longer denied these fundamental rights, a decrease in the severity of the epidemic will undoubtedly follow.Works Cited African Region Findings. The World Bank Group, No. 126, January 1999. ttp://www. worldbank. org/afr/findings/english/find126. htm April 29, 2002. Baylies, Carolyn and Janet Burja. AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa. NY: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2000. Essex, Max, Souleymane Mboup, Phyllis J. Kanki, and Mbowa R. Kalengayi, eds. AIDS in Africa. NY: Raven Press, 1994. McGeary, Johanna. Death Stalks A Continent. Time Magazine, 2001. http://www. time. com/time/2001/aidsinafrica/cover. html April 29, 2002. Russell, Diane E. H. and Roberta A. Harmes, eds. Femicide in Global Perspective. NY: Teachers College Press, 2001.

The Reasons Behind The Writing Of The Declaration Of...

The Reasons Behind the Writing of the Declaration of Independence There were several events that led up to the writing and publication of the Declaration of Independence. The colonists did not understand why they were being taxed on items such as stamps and tea which was extremely essential to the colonists at this time. The phrase â€Å"taxation without representation† was used by the colonists to show their outrage with these taxes from England. They set out to rebel and started the American Revolution. Thomas Paine contributed to the colonists’ views on rebellion due to his book Common Sense. These are some of the events that encouraged the writing of the Declaration of Independence. The Stamp Act Boston Tea Party The Stamp Act was passed in 1765 and placed taxes on just about every paper transaction. This included legal documents, marriage certificates, newspapers, and several other items. 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